来源:环球教育余江瑶
小编:Jennifer 854对于雅思写作考试,如果能够保证自己的语法句式使用正确,虽然离雅思写作高分还有一定距离,但是基本分数还是可以拿到手的。如果想要有一个更好一点的雅思写作分数,可以在雅思作文中使用正确的定语从句写法,能为文章添色不少。首先我们来看一个例句:
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that is not fully understood.
学习过定语从句的同学对这样的句子一定不陌生,这句话的错误你能找到吗?没错,这个句子中定语从句的先行词为elements而不是insect,因此,定语从句中的is应该改为are。
由此可见,雅思写作高分似乎定语从句说起来比较容易,可是写起来却常常出现各式各样的错误。雅思写作高分考试作文中常见的第二类定语从句(即老师口中常常说的"逗号后面的定语从句","非限制性定语从句"),来将两类定语从句的写法进行比较,从而写出规范的定语从句,为作文加分。
雅思写作高分1.两类定从定义的不同
首先请看两个例句:
The girl who lives next door is a vampire.
His girlfriend Bella, who lives next door, is a vampire.
可以看出,两种定从的先行词有明显的区别:
the girl(不明确)
Bella(明确)
由此可见,第一类定语从句是为了定义并限制先行词,没有定语从句的限制和定义,原句是不成立的(哪个女孩?)。而第二类定语从句是为了对已经明确的先行词进行补充,原句句意本身已明确(他的女朋友Bella是个吸血鬼)。
雅思写作高分2.关系代词的正确使用
a.关系代词that的使用
在下列横线处填入合适的关系代词,并判断是否需要加上逗号。
Barbara works for a company ______ makes washing machines.
Colin told me about his new job ______he's enjoying very much.
正确答案为:
Barbara works for a company which/ that makes washing machines.
Colin told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.
his new job 已是十分明确的事物,无需限制其范围,因此后面的定语从句是对其的补充说明,需加逗号。
that虽然是代指事物的,但在逗号后面的从句(第二类定从)中是不可以使用that连接的。
b.关系代词可省的情况
翻译以下两个定语从句。
今天早上我见到一个我很长时间都没有见到的人。
今天早上我见到了Diane,我很长时间都没有见到她了。
第一个句子很好写出来:
This morning I met somebody that / who I hadn't seen for ages.
第二个句子大家很容易写成:
This morning I met Diane. I hadn't seen her for ages.
既然Diane就是第二句的her,那么直接用第二类定从即可写出简洁且漂亮的句子:
This morning I met Diane, whom / who I hadn't seen for ages.
我们知道第一类定语从句中代词在从句中做宾语是可以省掉的:
This morning I met somebody I hadn't seen for ages.
但是第二类定从中的关系代词任何情况下均不可省,试想用逗号隔开的两个分句本身就很生疏了,如果连代词都省掉了,两个分句要如何构成一个句子呢?
c.介词的位置
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
上面的句子很容易理解,但是,在规范的句子里,应该将介词提前:
Mr Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
比如我们来写这样一个句子:
幸运的是我们有个地图,否则的话我们就会迷路。
一般情况下,我们会这样写:
Fortunately we had a map, otherwise we would have got lost.
使用第二类定语从句,我们这样写会更好:
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
d.使用第二类定语从句使两个或多个句子简洁化
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married.
上面这个句子是正确的,但是读起来特别啰嗦,我们知道them在这里就是指的three brothers:
Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.
这样,句子就会显得好看又简洁了。
同学们可以试试写写下面的两个句子:
两个男人走进了我的办公室,他们俩我之前都没有见到过。
Sue有很多朋友,其中有很多是曾经和她一起上过学的。
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.
这样看起来,是不是感觉既轻松又有美感?
e.好用的which
Jim passed his driving test. This surprised everybody.
此句中this指的是前面这件事情(the fact that he passed his driving test),怎样使用连接词将这两个句子连接成一个句子呢?
我们知道that和which都可代指事物,但是由于这件事情十分明确,我们需要使用逗号后的定语从句(不可用that),因此使用which:
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
无论在口语还是作文中,which的这一用法都十分常见,同学们不妨来试试:
天气非常好,这是我们之前没有预料到的。
我们的航班延误了,这意味着我们不得不在机场等上四个小时。
The weather was very good, which we hadn't expected.
Our flight was delayed, which meant we had to wait four hours at the airport.
第二类定语从句在雅思阅读,写作中十分常见,它与第一类定语从句有本质上的不同,它的用法也较正式,想要写出漂亮规范的第二类定语从句,我们需要了解它的构成,清楚它的写法,同时,还需要做的便是不断的阅读和练习。